- Putting ears back or turning head back repeatedly without an external stimulus attracting attention;
- Repetitive tail swishing, raising the tail off the perineum (region between the thighs encompassing the anus and genitalia), or slapping against the perineum;
- Frequent shifting of weight on the limbs, either from side-to-side or fore to hind;
- Lifting a leg or kicking toward the abdomen;
- Kicking out to the back or side;
- Stamping or pawing at the substrate or into the air, aside from scenarios such as when waiting for feeding or turnout;
- Rubbing any part of the body against objects;
- Self-biting or -nipping;
- Standing for rest with front legs not squarely under the body;
- Repeated deep stretching;
- Flehmen response (lifting the upper lip) outside of the usual sexual or marking context;
- Excessive yawning;
- Repetitive head shaking, flipping, or bobbing;
- Abnormal postures when resting, urinating, or defecating;
- Trembling, muscle fasciculation (twitching), or tremors;
- Leaning against a wall or other object when resting;
- Grunting, groaning, or squealing;
- Repeated sighing;
- Teeth grinding;
- Frequent lying down and getting up, with or without rolling;
- General crabbiness around people or herdmates, as if saying, “I don’t feel well, and don’t bother me”;
- Unwillingness to do usual work;
- Hyperresponsivity (unusual jumpiness or spookiness);
- Restlessness or uneasiness;
- A change from normal eating style to either picky eating or to food urgency and bolting of feed;
- A glassy eye or dazed or dull look, which can be associated with pain-induced endorphin release.
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